Keujreun Blang’s Role in Strengthening Food Security and National Resilience
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Published:
Jun 30, 2025
Keywords:
Customary Institutions, Food Security, Keujreun Blang, Local Wisdom, Socio-Economic Policy
Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This research is about how the development of local wisdom (especially Keujruen Blang) has been articulated into ACEH rice farmers’ socio-economic policy to build sustainable food security. The novelty of this study is that it relates the governance function of Keujruen Blang to Astagatra, endowed as national resilience, as a framing approach, which seems neglected in contemporary rural development literature.
Study Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopted a qualitative research design, utilising in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis to gather data from key stakeholders involved in rice farming and traditional governance.
Findings: The results show that Keujruen Blang is not only a customary tool of conflict resolution and agricultural administration but also an important basis for social-cultural capital. The organisation maintains social order, controls group resources, and shows promise as an indigenous institution for locally sustainable policy development. By institutionalising its role within the policy of formal agriculture, the Astagatra in three dimensions (Trigatra) as well as another four pillars (Pancagatra), namely natural resources for Trigatra and law, social culture, economy, and political defence for Pancagatra.
Originality/Value: The study confirms practical examples of the way in which local government can mainstream customary institutions into formal policy processes. It presents a participative, situationally sensitive, adaptive mode of governance that is applicable in other jurisdictions that strive for sustainable food security. In this respect, the research in this paper contributed to both academic discourses and policy interventions: it reveals how local cultural-based institutions can be effectively used to strengthen national resilience by integrating Astagatra.
Article Details
How to Cite
Nellis Mardhiah, Saputra, J., Zikri Muhammad, Cut Annisa Fitriati, & Noka Omalia. (2025). Keujreun Blang’s Role in Strengthening Food Security and National Resilience . Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 13(2), 199-215. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v13i2.1098
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Articles
References
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Ben, C., & Gounder, N. (2019). Property rights: Principles of customary land and urban development in Fiji. Land Use Policy, 87(9), 40-89.
Brahma, P., & Subrahmanyam, A. (2023). Role of traditional weavers in socio economic development. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(7), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i7.883
Budi, S., Hamid, A. H., Fajri, F., & Agussabti, A. (2019). The role of customary institutions for agricultural communities and agricultural extension. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 22(2), 1-23.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research (Dörnyei). In Introducing English Language. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315707181-60
Das, A., Ramkrushna, G. I., Yadav, G. S., Layek, J., Debnath, C., Choudhury, B. U., Mohaptara, K. P., Ngachan, S. V., & Das, S. (2015). Capturing traditional practices of rice-based farming systems and identifying interventions for resource conservation and food security in Tripura, India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 3(4), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.12691/aees-3-4-2
Deininger, K., Xia, F., Kilic, T., & Moylan, H. (2021). Investment impacts of gendered land rights in customary tenure systems: Substantive and methodological insights from Malawi. World Development, 147(11), 105–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105654
Donkoh, S. (2023). Application of triangulation in qualitative research. Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 10(1), 6-9. https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2023.10.00319
Häuberer, J. (2010). Social Capital Theory: Towards a Methodological Foundation. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=xrxa-IC6z3sC
Huntington, H., & Marple-Cantrell, K. (2021). Customary governance of artisanal and small-scale mining in Guinea: Social and environmental practices and outcomes. Land Use Policy, 102(3), 105-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105229
Ibor, O. (2022). Age grade as traditional institution and cursor for rural development in Nigeria. Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa (JGGSDA), 7(2), 32-38.
Ibrahim, A.-S., Akanbang, B. A. A., Nunbogu, A. M., Kuusaana, E. D., & Ahmed, A. (2020). Collaborative customary land governance: Motivations and challenges of forming land management committees (LMCs) in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Land Use Policy, 99(10), 105051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105051
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Jaza Folefack, A. J., & Darr, D. (2021). Promoting cocoa agroforestry under conditions of separated ownership of land and trees: Strengthening customary tenure institutions in Cameroon. Land Use Policy, 108(9), 105-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105524
Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2005). A model of choice for public policy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(3), 325-351. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui018
Krishnankutty, J., Blakeney, M., & Raju, R. K. (2021). Sustainability of traditional rice cultivation in Kerala, India — a socio-economic analysis. Sustainability, 13, 1-16.
Li, H. (2018). Institutions and work incentives in collective farming in Maoist China. Journal of Agrarian Change, 18(1), 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12183
Lindblom, C. (1986). Policy Analysis (Review 48). American Economic.
Listiana, I., Mutolib, A., Bursan, R., Yanfika, H., Diana Widyastuti, R. A., & Rahmat, A. (2021). Institutional strengthening of farmer group to support sustainable agriculture and food security in Pesawaran Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1796(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012028
Liu, C., Wang, Y., Ma, X., Cui, D., Han, B., Xue, D., & Han, L. (2022). Traditional agricultural management of Kam Sweet Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Southeast Guizhou Province, China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 18(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-022-00528-6
Mardhiah, N., Muhammad, Z., & Saputra, J. (2023). Traditional institutions and economic transformation of West Aceh coastal community in Indonesia: A sustainable energy policy. International Journal of Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(4), 276-291. https://doi.org/10.56225/ijassh.v2i4.276
Mareta, S., Doktoralina, C. M., Sari, R. P., & Christsetyo, P. A. M. A. (2025). Mediating role of financial transparency in strengthening economic resilience. Jurnal Lemhannas RI (JLRI), 13(1), 17-36. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v13i1.1071
Melzatia, S., Mahroji, K. Y. S., & Daryanto, E. (2025). Digitalisation of Islamic economy and maqasid sharia for social resilience and welfare. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 13(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v13i1.1153
Mortlock, C. O. L. R. F. (2020). Studying acquisition strategy formulation of incremental development approaches. Defense ARJ, 27(3), 261-311.
Mursyidin, Saputra, A., Baihaqi, Saputra, J., & Siregar, W. M. (2023). The crisis of the agency for customary institutions (Keujruen Blang): From the New Order, Reformation to Peace of Aceh. Jurnal Ilmiah Peradeun, 11(1), 363-378. https://journal.scadindependent.org/index.php/jipeuradeun/article/view/911/715
Naylis, N., & Abdi, A. W. (2024). Keberadaan lembaga adat Keujruen Blang di Desa Cot-Cut Kecamatan Kuta Baro Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Pendidikan Geosfer, 1(1.1), 199-213. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpg.v9i1.1.33055
Ng’ombe, A., Keivani, R., Mattingly, M., & Stubbs, M. (2014). Impacts of privatisation of customary land rights in Zambia: A comparative study of rural and peri-urban locations. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(6), 1985-2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12184
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oFnWbTqgNPYC
Novira, N., Pulungan, N. A. J., Maxriz, J., Lubis, D. P., & Pinem, M. (2022). The underlying causes of poverty among rice farmers in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1005(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1005/1/012026
Nurdin, M., Muazzin, M., & Abidin, Z. (2023). The role of traditional justice providers in implementing the customary court of Aceh. Syiah Kuala Law Journal, 7(1), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v7i1.31507
Nurdin, A., & Kasim, F. M. (2016). Resolusi konflik berbasis adat di Aceh: Studi tentang azas dan dampaknya dalam membangun perdamaian di Lhokseumawe. Aricis, 589–601.
Olofsson, M. (2021). Expanding commodity frontiers and the emergence of customary land markets: A case study of tree-crop farming in Venda, South Africa. Land Use Policy, 101(2), 105-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105203
Olson, T. K. (1971). Charles E. Lindblom, The Policy-Making Process. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1968, pp. 122. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 4(2), 295-296.
Omitola, B., Akinrinde, O. O., & Omitola, A. (2021). Traditional institutions and socio-economic development in Nigeria: A critical analysis. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 2(4), 539-552. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i4.48587
Pandjaitan, N. K. (2019). Peran kelembagaan lokal Keujreun Blang dalam pengembangan usahatani padi sawah di Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian, 21(2), 159-175. https://doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v21n2.2018.p159-175
Pemerintah Aceh. (2008). Qanun Provinsi Aceh Darussalam Nomor 10 Tahun 2008.
Qanun Nomor 5 Tahun 2003 tentang Pemerintahan Gampong, 34 (2003).
Rignall, K., & Kusunose, Y. (2018). Governing livelihood and land use transitions: The role of customary tenure in southeastern Morocco. Land Use Policy, 78(3), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.035
Séogo, W., & Zahonogo, P. (2023). Do land property rights matter for stimulating agricultural productivity? Empirical evidence from Burkina Faso. Land Use Policy, 125(2), 106-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106475
Siyuan, H., Lubin, D., & Qingwen, M. (2021). The role of the important agricultural heritage systems in the construction of China’s national park system and the optimisation of the protected area system. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 12(4), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.04.002
Suhardiman, D., & Scurrah, N. (2021). Farmer’s agency and institutional bricolage in land use plan implementation in upland Laos. Land Use Policy, 104(5), 105-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105316
Syahran, M. (2020). Membangun kepercayaan data dalam penelitian kualitatif. Primary Education Journal (Pej), 4(2), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.30631/pej.v4i2.72
Talhelm, T., & English, A. S. (2020). Historically rice-farming societies have tighter social norms in China and worldwide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(33), 19816-19824.
Thomson, T. (2024). Paddy farming: Poverty, revenue and cost analysis. JALOW | Journal of Agribusiness and Local Wisdom, 6(1), 19-23.
Qanun Nomor 4 Tahun 2003 tentang Pemerintahan Mukim, 2 28 (2003).
Undang-undang (UU) Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 44 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Keistimewaan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh, 11 (1999). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/45380
Undang-undang (UU) No. 11 Tahun 2006 tentang Pemerintahan Aceh, 186 (2006). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/40174/uu-no-11-tahun-2006
Vani, M. S. (2002). Customary law and modern governance of natural resources in India-conflicts, prospects for accord and strategies. In R. Pradhan (Ed.), Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law in Social, Economic and Political Development (Vol. I, pp. 409-446). ICNEC Kathmandu.
Zahri, M. A., Moklis, N. A., Zahri, F. A., & Lestari, L. (2024). Resilient food security through ERM and Prophet Yusuf’s approach. Jurnal Lemhannas RI (JLRI), 12(4), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v12i4.987
Arida, A. (2022). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kemiskinan pedesaan di Provinsi Aceh (pp. 1-176). Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Syiah Kuala.
Asiama, K., Bennett, R., & Zevenbergen, J. (2019). Towards responsible consolidation of customary lands: A research synthesis. Land, 8(11), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8110161
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Aceh. (2021). Berita Resmi Statistik.
Baruna, S., & Zalmita, N. (2022). Dampak alih fungsi lahan pertanian terhadap mata pencaharian petani di Desa Miruk Kecamatan Krueng Barona Jaya Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Jurnal Pendidikan Geosfer, 7(2), 214. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpg.v7i2.23947
Ben, C., & Gounder, N. (2019). Property rights: Principles of customary land and urban development in Fiji. Land Use Policy, 87(9), 40-89.
Brahma, P., & Subrahmanyam, A. (2023). Role of traditional weavers in socio economic development. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(7), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i7.883
Budi, S., Hamid, A. H., Fajri, F., & Agussabti, A. (2019). The role of customary institutions for agricultural communities and agricultural extension. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 22(2), 1-23.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research (Dörnyei). In Introducing English Language. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315707181-60
Das, A., Ramkrushna, G. I., Yadav, G. S., Layek, J., Debnath, C., Choudhury, B. U., Mohaptara, K. P., Ngachan, S. V., & Das, S. (2015). Capturing traditional practices of rice-based farming systems and identifying interventions for resource conservation and food security in Tripura, India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 3(4), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.12691/aees-3-4-2
Deininger, K., Xia, F., Kilic, T., & Moylan, H. (2021). Investment impacts of gendered land rights in customary tenure systems: Substantive and methodological insights from Malawi. World Development, 147(11), 105–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105654
Donkoh, S. (2023). Application of triangulation in qualitative research. Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 10(1), 6-9. https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2023.10.00319
Häuberer, J. (2010). Social Capital Theory: Towards a Methodological Foundation. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=xrxa-IC6z3sC
Huntington, H., & Marple-Cantrell, K. (2021). Customary governance of artisanal and small-scale mining in Guinea: Social and environmental practices and outcomes. Land Use Policy, 102(3), 105-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105229
Ibor, O. (2022). Age grade as traditional institution and cursor for rural development in Nigeria. Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa (JGGSDA), 7(2), 32-38.
Ibrahim, A.-S., Akanbang, B. A. A., Nunbogu, A. M., Kuusaana, E. D., & Ahmed, A. (2020). Collaborative customary land governance: Motivations and challenges of forming land management committees (LMCs) in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Land Use Policy, 99(10), 105051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105051
Ikromatoun, S. (2017). Respon masyarakat Aceh terhadap aturan dan implementasi syariat Islam pasca tsunami. Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif, 11(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsr.v11i1.1261
Jaza Folefack, A. J., & Darr, D. (2021). Promoting cocoa agroforestry under conditions of separated ownership of land and trees: Strengthening customary tenure institutions in Cameroon. Land Use Policy, 108(9), 105-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105524
Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2005). A model of choice for public policy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(3), 325-351. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui018
Krishnankutty, J., Blakeney, M., & Raju, R. K. (2021). Sustainability of traditional rice cultivation in Kerala, India — a socio-economic analysis. Sustainability, 13, 1-16.
Li, H. (2018). Institutions and work incentives in collective farming in Maoist China. Journal of Agrarian Change, 18(1), 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12183
Lindblom, C. (1986). Policy Analysis (Review 48). American Economic.
Listiana, I., Mutolib, A., Bursan, R., Yanfika, H., Diana Widyastuti, R. A., & Rahmat, A. (2021). Institutional strengthening of farmer group to support sustainable agriculture and food security in Pesawaran Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1796(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012028
Liu, C., Wang, Y., Ma, X., Cui, D., Han, B., Xue, D., & Han, L. (2022). Traditional agricultural management of Kam Sweet Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Southeast Guizhou Province, China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 18(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-022-00528-6
Mardhiah, N., Muhammad, Z., & Saputra, J. (2023). Traditional institutions and economic transformation of West Aceh coastal community in Indonesia: A sustainable energy policy. International Journal of Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(4), 276-291. https://doi.org/10.56225/ijassh.v2i4.276
Mareta, S., Doktoralina, C. M., Sari, R. P., & Christsetyo, P. A. M. A. (2025). Mediating role of financial transparency in strengthening economic resilience. Jurnal Lemhannas RI (JLRI), 13(1), 17-36. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v13i1.1071
Melzatia, S., Mahroji, K. Y. S., & Daryanto, E. (2025). Digitalisation of Islamic economy and maqasid sharia for social resilience and welfare. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 13(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v13i1.1153
Mortlock, C. O. L. R. F. (2020). Studying acquisition strategy formulation of incremental development approaches. Defense ARJ, 27(3), 261-311.
Mursyidin, Saputra, A., Baihaqi, Saputra, J., & Siregar, W. M. (2023). The crisis of the agency for customary institutions (Keujruen Blang): From the New Order, Reformation to Peace of Aceh. Jurnal Ilmiah Peradeun, 11(1), 363-378. https://journal.scadindependent.org/index.php/jipeuradeun/article/view/911/715
Naylis, N., & Abdi, A. W. (2024). Keberadaan lembaga adat Keujruen Blang di Desa Cot-Cut Kecamatan Kuta Baro Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Pendidikan Geosfer, 1(1.1), 199-213. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpg.v9i1.1.33055
Ng’ombe, A., Keivani, R., Mattingly, M., & Stubbs, M. (2014). Impacts of privatisation of customary land rights in Zambia: A comparative study of rural and peri-urban locations. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(6), 1985-2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12184
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oFnWbTqgNPYC
Novira, N., Pulungan, N. A. J., Maxriz, J., Lubis, D. P., & Pinem, M. (2022). The underlying causes of poverty among rice farmers in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1005(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1005/1/012026
Nurdin, M., Muazzin, M., & Abidin, Z. (2023). The role of traditional justice providers in implementing the customary court of Aceh. Syiah Kuala Law Journal, 7(1), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v7i1.31507
Nurdin, A., & Kasim, F. M. (2016). Resolusi konflik berbasis adat di Aceh: Studi tentang azas dan dampaknya dalam membangun perdamaian di Lhokseumawe. Aricis, 589–601.
Olofsson, M. (2021). Expanding commodity frontiers and the emergence of customary land markets: A case study of tree-crop farming in Venda, South Africa. Land Use Policy, 101(2), 105-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105203
Olson, T. K. (1971). Charles E. Lindblom, The Policy-Making Process. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1968, pp. 122. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 4(2), 295-296.
Omitola, B., Akinrinde, O. O., & Omitola, A. (2021). Traditional institutions and socio-economic development in Nigeria: A critical analysis. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 2(4), 539-552. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i4.48587
Pandjaitan, N. K. (2019). Peran kelembagaan lokal Keujreun Blang dalam pengembangan usahatani padi sawah di Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian, 21(2), 159-175. https://doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v21n2.2018.p159-175
Pemerintah Aceh. (2008). Qanun Provinsi Aceh Darussalam Nomor 10 Tahun 2008.
Qanun Nomor 5 Tahun 2003 tentang Pemerintahan Gampong, 34 (2003).
Rignall, K., & Kusunose, Y. (2018). Governing livelihood and land use transitions: The role of customary tenure in southeastern Morocco. Land Use Policy, 78(3), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.035
Séogo, W., & Zahonogo, P. (2023). Do land property rights matter for stimulating agricultural productivity? Empirical evidence from Burkina Faso. Land Use Policy, 125(2), 106-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106475
Siyuan, H., Lubin, D., & Qingwen, M. (2021). The role of the important agricultural heritage systems in the construction of China’s national park system and the optimisation of the protected area system. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 12(4), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.04.002
Suhardiman, D., & Scurrah, N. (2021). Farmer’s agency and institutional bricolage in land use plan implementation in upland Laos. Land Use Policy, 104(5), 105-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105316
Syahran, M. (2020). Membangun kepercayaan data dalam penelitian kualitatif. Primary Education Journal (Pej), 4(2), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.30631/pej.v4i2.72
Talhelm, T., & English, A. S. (2020). Historically rice-farming societies have tighter social norms in China and worldwide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(33), 19816-19824.
Thomson, T. (2024). Paddy farming: Poverty, revenue and cost analysis. JALOW | Journal of Agribusiness and Local Wisdom, 6(1), 19-23.
Qanun Nomor 4 Tahun 2003 tentang Pemerintahan Mukim, 2 28 (2003).
Undang-undang (UU) Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 44 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Keistimewaan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh, 11 (1999). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/45380
Undang-undang (UU) No. 11 Tahun 2006 tentang Pemerintahan Aceh, 186 (2006). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/40174/uu-no-11-tahun-2006
Vani, M. S. (2002). Customary law and modern governance of natural resources in India-conflicts, prospects for accord and strategies. In R. Pradhan (Ed.), Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law in Social, Economic and Political Development (Vol. I, pp. 409-446). ICNEC Kathmandu.
Zahri, M. A., Moklis, N. A., Zahri, F. A., & Lestari, L. (2024). Resilient food security through ERM and Prophet Yusuf’s approach. Jurnal Lemhannas RI (JLRI), 12(4), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v12i4.987