Ship Recycling in Indonesia: Regulatory Gaps and Environmental Impacts
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Published:
Mar 30, 2025
Keywords:
Environmental impact, International standards, National regulations, Ship recycling, Sustainable practices
Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study examines Indonesia's challenges in establishing safe and environmentally sound ship recycling practices aligned with national regulations and the Hong Kong Convention. It identifies discrepancies between existing regulations and current industry practices, proposing actionable recommendations for improvement.
Study Design/Methodology/Approach: This study used a qualitative approach, conducting a comprehensive literature review. This involved analysing national and international ship recycling regulations and evaluating Indonesian ship recycling practices for compliance with safety and environmental standards.
Findings: Significant regulatory gaps persist in Indonesia's ship recycling industry, leading to widespread non-compliance with international standards. Prevalent hazardous practices, including beaching and inadequate waste management, pose substantial risks to both workers and the environment. Furthermore, deficient infrastructure and weak enforcement exacerbate these issues, underscoring an urgent need for regulatory reform.
Originality/Value: This study emphasises the urgency of ship recycling modernisation as part of strengthening Indonesia’s National Resilience through the Astagatra framework, including Geography (maritime territorial protection), Demography (safety of shipyard workers), Natural Resources (hazardous waste and material reuse), as well as the Pancagatra dimensions of ideology, politics, economy, socio-culture, defence, and security. This research offers original insights into Indonesia's ship recycling sector, highlighting the critical need for facility modernisation, enhanced enforcement, and regulatory alignment with international standards. Future research should investigate the feasibility of green ship recycling technologies and public-private partnerships to advance industry sustainability.
Article Details
How to Cite
Sari, W. R., & Darojat, A. J. S. (2025). Ship Recycling in Indonesia: Regulatory Gaps and Environmental Impacts. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 13(1), 118-132. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v13i1.1067
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References
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Chang, Y. C., Wang, N., & Durak, O. S. (2010). Ship recycling and marine pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(9), 1390–1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.021
Choi, J.K., Kelley, D., Murphy, S., & Thangamani, D. (2016) ‘Economic and environmental perspectives of end-of-life ship management’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 107, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.12.007
Elizabeth, A., Cecilya, S., & Sunaryo, S. (2024). Waste and hazardous material handling at green ship recycling facilities. Maritime Technology and Research, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2024.268423
ElMenshawy, O. M., Ülkü, M. A., & Hsuan, J. (2024). Navigating green ship recycling: A systematic review and implications for circularity and sustainable development. Sustainability, 16(17), 7407. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177407
Fariya, S., Anil Gunbeyaz, S., Emek Kurt, R., Turan, O., Giagloglou, E., Ates, A., Budi Djatmiko, E., & Nugroho, S. (2021). An online risk assessment tool to improve the standards of ship recycling operations. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Stability and Safety of Ships and Ocean Vehicles (pp. 7–11).
Fariya, S., Gunbeyaz, S. A., Kurt, R. E., Sunaryo, S., & Djatmiko, E. B. (2020). Developing sustainable green ship recycling facilities in Indonesia: Investigation of current situation. Sustainable Development and Innovations in Marine Technologies - Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of the International Maritime Association of the Mediterranean, IMAM 2019, 439-445. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780367810085-58
Fariya, S., Manfaat, D., & Suastika, K. (2016). Technical analysis of the development of ship recycling yard in Indonesia. The 2nd International Seminar on Science and Technology (February), 1–10.
Golbabaei, F., Bunker, J., Yigitcanlar, T., Baker, D., Mirhashemi, A., & Paz, A. (2024) ‘Sustainable end-of-life management of abandoned and derelict vessels through the lens of circular economy’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 474(October 2023), 143559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143559
Günes, E., Flaz, E., & Arslan, O. (2024). Comparing the ship recycling process for different countries: A comparative study of Türkiye, Bangladesh, and India. In Global Maritime Congress (GMC’24) (pp. 265–267).
Hadjiyianni, I., & Pouikli, K. (2024a). End-of-life ships “from cradle to grave” under the Hong Kong Convention and the EU Ship Recycling Regulation. In The Regulatory Landscape of Ship Recycling (pp. 165–213). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035314683.00013
Hadjiyianni, I., & Pouikli, K. (2024b). The Regulatory Landscape of Ship Recycling. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035314683.
Hariyanto, Gutami, N. I., Qonita, Z., Shabrina, N., Wibowo, D. A., & Muhtadi, A. (2023). The development of ship recycling facility cluster in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1166(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1166/1/012007
Hartanto, D.R. (2024) ‘National Policy on Particularly Sensitive Sea Ares: Step Towards Indonesian Marine Protection and Sustainable Shipping’, Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 12(3), 309–332. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v12i3.980
Hiremath, A. M., Pandey, S. K., & Asolekar, S. R. (2016). Development of ship-specific recycling plan to improve health safety and environment in ship recycling yards. Journal of Cleaner Production, 116, 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.006
IMO (2011) ANNEX 2 Resolution MEPC.196(62): 2011 Guidelines for the Development of the Ship Recycling Plan, Hong Kong Convention.
IMO (2012a) ANNEX 4 Resolution MEPC.210(63): 2012 Guidelines for Safe and Environentally Sound Ship Recycling, Hong Kong Convention.
IMO (2012b) ‘ANNEX 5 Resolution MEPC.211(63): 2012 Guidelines for the Authorization of Ship Recycling Facilities’, Hong Kong Convention, 211(March), pp. 1–12.
IMO (2012c) Resolution MEPC.222(64): 2012 Guidelines for the survey and certification of ships under the Hong Kong Convention, Hong Kong Convention.
IMO (2012d) Resolution MEPC.223(64): 2012 Guidelines for the inspection of ships under the Hong Kong Convention, Hong Kong Convention.
IMO (2023) ANNEX 18 Resolution MEPC.379(80) IHM: 2023 Guidelines for the development of the Inventory of the Hazardous Materials.
Jain, K. P., Pruyn, J. F. J., & Hopman, J. J. (2014). Design foJadi manar recycling: A route to green ship recycling. Maritime Technology and Engineering, 269-276. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1517.3127
Jamaluddin, Zaman, M.B., Pitana, T., Prastowo, H., Priyanta, D., Siswantoro, N., Hasanuddin, Purnomo, A., Sunaryo, & Hariyanto, S. (2022). Safety analysis and ship recycling yard evaluation of Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 972(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/972/1/012052
Mannan, B., Rizvi, M. J., & Dai, Y. M. (2023). Does end-of-life ships research trends change in last three decades? A review for the future roadmap. Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/25725084.2023.2187603
Mannan, B., Rizvi, M. J., & Dai, Y. M. (2024). Ship recycling in developing economies of South Asia: Changing liability to a commodity. Green Technologies and Sustainability, 2(2), 100064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grets.2023.100064
Mathew, E. (2021) ‘Ship recycling, market imperfections and the relevance of a consortium of ship recycling nations in the Indian subcontinent’, Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 5(2), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/25725084.2021.1921994
Menteri Perhubungan RI (2014) Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Republik Indonesia Nomor: PM 29 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pencegahan Pencemaran Lingkungan Maritim.
Menteri Perhubungan RI (2019) Surat Edaran Nomor: 19/PK/BK/2019 tentang Penutuhan Kapal Berbendera Indonesia.
Menteri Perhubungan RI (2022) Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Republik Indonesia Nomor PM 24 Tahun 2022 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM Tahun 2014 tentang Pencegahan Pencemaran Lingkungan Maritim.
Mikelis, N. (2019). Ship recycling, Sustainable Shipping: A Cross-Disciplinary View. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04330-8_6
Mikelis, N. E. (2008). A statistical overview of ship recycling. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 7(1), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03195133
Munabari, F., & Sellita (2025) ‘The Reorientation of Indonesia’s Maritime Fulcrum in Addressing Shifting Priorities and Strategic Challenges’, Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 12(4), 551–566. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v12i4.967
Mutmainnah, W., Fauzi, F., Mauliani, D. R., Kurniawan, M. A., Hendratna, K. K., & Sunaryo, S. (2024). Steel scrap prediction from Indonesian ship recycling: Ship type point of view. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1423(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1423/1/012042
Oktaviany, M.A. (2019) Challenges for the ratification of the Hong Kong Convention for Challenges for the ratification of the Hong Kong Convention for in Indonesia Indonesia. World Maritime University.
Prabowo, H. (2019). The methodologist for regulation a new policy of ship recycling in Indonesia based on HKC 2009. World Maritime University.
Pulungan, E. D. (2024). From Archipelago to Maritime Hub: Indonesia’s Quest to Become the World’s New Maritime Axis. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial, 10(2), 106–117. https://doi.org/10.23887/jiis.v10i2.78631
Ramli, I. M., & Michelle, C. K. (2023). Integrative Report on Implementation of the Circular Economy in ASEAN.
Republik Indonesia (2005) Intruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2005 Tentang Pemberdayaan Industri Pelayaran Nasional.
Republik Indonesia (2008) Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pelayaran.
Republik Indonesia (2009) Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
Republik Indonesia (2010) Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No.21 Tahun 2010 Tentang Perlindungan Lingkungan Maritim.
Republik Indonesia (2014) Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 101 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun.
Republik Indonesia (2015) Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 142 Tahun 2015 tentang Kawasan Industri.
Republik Indonesia (2016) Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 Tahun 2016 tentang Pajak Penghasilan atas Penghasilan dari Pengalihan Real Estat dalam Skema Kontrak Investasi Kolektif Tertentu.
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