Ship Recycling in Indonesia: Regulatory Gaps and Environmental Impacts
Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigates the challenges in implementing environmentally sound ship recycling practices in Indonesia. It focuses on evaluating the alignment between national regulations and international standards, particularly the Hong Kong Convention.
Study Design/Methodology/Approach: The study applies a qualitative approach through a structured literature review of national and international regulatory frameworks. It assesses existing ship recycling practices in Indonesia and analyses the extent of compliance with safety and environmental provisions.
Findings: The analysis reveals substantial regulatory and implementation gaps. Many shipyards fail to meet international requirements, with hazardous methods including beaching and improper waste handling remaining in practice. Inadequate enforcement mechanisms and limited infrastructure further increase the risks posed to workers and the surrounding marine ecosystem.
Originality/Value: The research offers a critical perspective on Indonesia’s regulatory shortcomings in ship recycling and emphasises the need for policy reform. The study affirms the relevance of facility modernisation, improved regulatory supervision, and the development of green recycling technologies through collaboration between public and private sectors to support long-term sustainability
Article Details
How to Cite
Sari, W. R., & Darojat, A. J. S. (2025). Ship Recycling in Indonesia: Regulatory Gaps and Environmental Impacts. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v13i1.1067
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
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Chang, Y. C., Wang, N., & Durak, O. S. (2010). Ship recycling and marine pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(9), 1390–1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.021
Elizabeth, A., Cecilya, S., & Sunaryo, S. (2024). Waste and hazardous material handling at green ship recycling facilities. Maritime Technology and Research, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2024.268423
ElMenshawy, O. M., Ülkü, M. A., & Hsuan, J. (2024). Navigating green ship recycling: A systematic review and implications for circularity and sustainable development. Sustainability, 16(17), 7407. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177407
Fariya, S., Anil Gunbeyaz, S., Emek Kurt, R., Turan, O., Giagloglou, E., Ates, A., Budi Djatmiko, E., & Nugroho, S. (2021). An online risk assessment tool to improve the standards of ship recycling operations. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Stability and Safety of Ships and Ocean Vehicles (pp. 7–11). https://pure.strath.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/122667177/Fariya_etal_STAB_2021_An_online_risk_assessment_tool_to_improve_the_standards_of_ship.pdf
Fariya, S., Gunbeyaz, S. A., Kurt, R. E., Sunaryo, S., & Djatmiko, E. B. (2020). Developing sustainable green ship recycling facilities in Indonesia: Investigation of current situation. Sustainable Development and Innovations in Marine Technologies - Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of the International Maritime Association of the Mediterranean, IMAM 2019, 439-445. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780367810085-58
Fariya, S., Manfaat, D., & Suastika, K. (2016). Technical analysis of the development of ship recycling yard in Indonesia. The 2nd International Seminar on Science and Technology (February), 1–10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307989571
Günes, E., Flaz, E., & Arslan, O. (2024). Comparing the ship recycling process for different countries: A comparative study of Türkiye, Bangladesh, and India. In Global Maritime Congress (GMC’24) (pp. 265–267). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385551882_Comparing_the_Ship_Recycling_Process_for_Different_Countries_A_Comparative_Study_of_Turkiye_Bangladesh_and_India
Hadjiyianni, I., & Pouikli, K. (2024a). End-of-life ships “from cradle to grave” under the Hong Kong Convention and the EU Ship Recycling Regulation. In The Regulatory Landscape of Ship Recycling (pp. 165–213). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035314683.00013
Hadjiyianni, I., & Pouikli, K. (2024b). The Regulatory Landscape of Ship Recycling. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035314683
Hariyanto, Gutami, N. I., Qonita, Z., Shabrina, N., Wibowo, D. A., & Muhtadi, A. (2023). The development of ship recycling facility cluster in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1166(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1166/1/012007
Hiremath, A. M., Pandey, S. K., & Asolekar, S. R. (2016). Development of ship-specific recycling plan to improve health safety and environment in ship recycling yards. Journal of Cleaner Production, 116, 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.006
IMO (2011). ANNEX 2 Resolution MEPC.196(62): 2011 Guidelines for the Development of the Ship Recycling Plan, Hong Kong Convention. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/MEPCDocuments/MEPC.196(62).pdf
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IMO (2012d). Resolution MEPC.223(64): 2012 Guidelines for the inspection of ships under the Hong Kong Convention, Hong Kong Convention. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/MEPCDocuments/MEPC.223(64).pdf
IMO (2023). ANNEX 18 Resolution MEPC.379(80) IHM: 2023 Guidelines for the development of the Inventory of the Hazardous Materials. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/RES.MEPC.379(80) IHM.pdf
Jain, K. P., Pruyn, J. F. J., & Hopman, J. J. (2014). Design for recycling: A route to green ship recycling. Maritime Technology and Engineering, 269-276. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1517.3127
Jamaluddin, Zaman, M.B., Pitana, T., Prastowo, H., Priyanta, D., Siswantoro, N., Hasanuddin, Purnomo, A., Sunaryo, & Hariyanto, S. (2022). Safety analysis and ship recycling yard evaluation of Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 972(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/972/1/012052
Mannan, B., Rizvi, M. J., & Dai, Y. M. (2023). Does end-of-life ships research trends change in last three decades? A review for the future roadmap. Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/25725084.2023.2187603
Mannan, B., Rizvi, M. J., & Dai, Y. M. (2024). Ship recycling in developing economies of South Asia: Changing liability to a commodity. Green Technologies and Sustainability, 2(2), 100064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grets.2023.100064
Menteri Perhubungan RI. (2014). Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Republik Indonesia Nomor: PM 29 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pencegahan Pencemaran Lingkungan Maritim. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/103722/permenhub-no-29-tahun-2014
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Mikelis, N. (2019). Ship recycling, Sustainable Shipping: A Cross-Disciplinary View. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04330-8_6
Mikelis, N. E. (2008). A statistical overview of ship recycling. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 7(1), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03195133
Mutmainnah, W., Fauzi, F., Mauliani, D. R., Kurniawan, M. A., Hendratna, K. K., & Sunaryo, S. (2024). Steel scrap prediction from Indonesian ship recycling: Ship type point of view. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1423(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1423/1/012042
Oktaviany, M. A. (2019). Challenges for the ratification of the Hong Kong Convention for ship recycling in Indonesia. World Maritime University. https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2168&context=all_dissertations
Prabowo, H. (2019). The methodologist for regulation a new policy of ship recycling in Indonesia based on HKC 2009. World Maritime University. https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2137&context=all_dissertations
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