National Resilience and Terrorism Risk Mitigation in Airport Systems
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Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to analyse the application of the national resilience concept in mitigating the risk of terrorism in air transportation services for Hajj pilgrims following the bomb threat incident at Kualanamu Airport.
Method: The study adopted a desk-based, qualitative research approach that involved document review (articles and reports) and policy analysis. The evaluation took into account how operational procedures, coordination mechanisms, and aviation security governance fit with the concepts of adaptive and integrated national resilience.
Results: There is evidence of low operational resiliency arising from inflexible processes, siloed inter-agency coordination and immature security regulation and culture. The consequence is slow service restoration and response to threats.
Originality: In disaggregating the concept of national resilience, this article contributes to a readiness to manage aviation terrorism within an adaptive, pan-sector resilience framework. These results highlight policy reform, security governance and technology integration as prerequisites for improving national air transportation resilience.
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How to Cite
Wicaksono, A. P., & Rahmawati, C. (2025). National Resilience and Terrorism Risk Mitigation in Airport Systems. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 13(4), 592-606. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v13i4.1240
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References
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Additional 20 references (international and national, aviation security / resilience / CPS / multiagency / terrorism):
Al-Dahash, H., & Thiel, S. K. (2022). Coordinating multiagency emergency response in airports: Lessons from recent terrorism incidents. Safety Science, 153, 105807.
Alexander, D. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: An etymological journey. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(11), 2707–2716.
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Button, M., & Cross, C. (2017). Cyber fraud in civil aviation: Emerging risks and organisational responses. Journal of Financial Crime, 24(3), 447–460.
Chappell, L., & Wragg, P. (2020). Drones, airports, and security: Regulatory challenges in lowaltitude airspace. Air and Space Law, 45(4–5), 387–410.
Comfort, L. K., Boin, A., & Demchak, C. C. (Eds.). (2010). Designing resilience: Preparing for extreme events. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Enders, W., & Sandler, T. (2012). The political economy of terrorism (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jenkins, B. M. (2019). Aviation terrorism: Still a threat to civil aviation. Journal of Transportation Security, 12(1–2), 1–15.
Johnson, C. W., & Shea, C. (2020). Lessons from airport incident reports: Human factors and security culture. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 200, 106935.
Kellerman, A., & Shenhav, Y. (2019). National resilience and civil aviation: Managing terrorist risks in hub airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 77, 44–52.
Kringen, J., & Brenner, M. (2012). Terrorist targeting of civil aviation: A multimethod assessment. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35(8), 625–645.
Prior, T., & Roth, F. (2019). Multiagency coordination in critical infrastructure protection. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 26, 100296.
Ransbotham, S., & Kiron, D. (2018). Cybersecurity in the age of digital transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 59(2), 1–9.
Saleh, J. H., & Pendley, C. C. (2012). From normal accidents to high reliability: The evolution of aviation safety. Engineering Failure Analysis, 18(5), 1233–1246.
Strohmeier, M., Linnersjö, S., & Smith, M. (2018). Aviation security, ADSB, and cyberphysical system vulnerabilities. IEEE Communications Magazine, 56(10), 98–104.
Turner, M., & Pidgeon, N. (2017). Multiagency risk governance and the resilience of critical transport hubs. Risk Analysis, 37(10), 1952–1965.
Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., & Seeger, M. W. (2018). Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity (4th ed.). SAGE.
Zhang, Y., Chen, C., & Li, X. (2021). Cyberphysical security of smart airports: Threats, vulnerabilities and countermeasures. IEEE Access, 9, 12654–12672.
Zhou, Q., & Zhang, L. (2020). Assessing airport operational resilience to intentional disruptions. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 135, 1–15.
National Counter-Terrorism Agency. (2023). White paper on holistic aviation security in Indonesia (pp. 55–60, 65–68). BNPT Press.
Research and Development Agency of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia. (2024). Aviation security journal: Crosssector security training at Indonesian airports (Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 120–125, 125–130). Ministry of Defense.
Research and Development Agency of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia. (2025, July). Redefining national strategic threats: The disaster dimension (pp. 5–7). Ministry of Defense.
Firdaus, A. R. (2022). Humancentric security culture: Strengthening human resource resilience in aviation. Journal of Transportation Management, 3(2), 30–35.
Hadiwinata, P. (2024). Cyberphysical system vulnerability in critical infrastructure (pp. 70–75). ITB Publisher.
Audit Report of the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Review of civil aviation safety and security oversight (pp. 20–22). Financial Audit Agency.
Report of Commission I of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Evaluation of the performance of the State Intelligence Agency in counterterrorism (pp. 12–18). Secretariat General of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia.
National Resilience Institute of the Republic of Indonesia. (2024). Final report of the working group on legal analysis and evaluation in politics, law, security, and public welfare (pp. 25–28). Ministry of Law and Human Rights.
Institute for Research and Community Service, University of Indonesia. (2024). The role of the Ministry of Religious Affairs in Hajj security simulations: Communication gaps. Journal of Crisis Management, 4(1), 45–50.
Additional 20 references (international and national, aviation security / resilience / CPS / multiagency / terrorism):
Al-Dahash, H., & Thiel, S. K. (2022). Coordinating multiagency emergency response in airports: Lessons from recent terrorism incidents. Safety Science, 153, 105807.
Alexander, D. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: An etymological journey. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(11), 2707–2716.
Bada, A., Nurse, J. R. C., & Sasse, M. A. (2019). Developing cybersecurity education and awareness programmes for airport staff. Computers & Security, 87, 101605.
Boin, A., & Hart, P. (2010). Organising for effective emergency management: Lessons from research. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 69(4), 357–371.
Button, M., & Cross, C. (2017). Cyber fraud in civil aviation: Emerging risks and organisational responses. Journal of Financial Crime, 24(3), 447–460.
Chappell, L., & Wragg, P. (2020). Drones, airports, and security: Regulatory challenges in lowaltitude airspace. Air and Space Law, 45(4–5), 387–410.
Comfort, L. K., Boin, A., & Demchak, C. C. (Eds.). (2010). Designing resilience: Preparing for extreme events. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Enders, W., & Sandler, T. (2012). The political economy of terrorism (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jenkins, B. M. (2019). Aviation terrorism: Still a threat to civil aviation. Journal of Transportation Security, 12(1–2), 1–15.
Johnson, C. W., & Shea, C. (2020). Lessons from airport incident reports: Human factors and security culture. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 200, 106935.
Kellerman, A., & Shenhav, Y. (2019). National resilience and civil aviation: Managing terrorist risks in hub airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 77, 44–52.
Kringen, J., & Brenner, M. (2012). Terrorist targeting of civil aviation: A multimethod assessment. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35(8), 625–645.
Prior, T., & Roth, F. (2019). Multiagency coordination in critical infrastructure protection. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 26, 100296.
Ransbotham, S., & Kiron, D. (2018). Cybersecurity in the age of digital transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 59(2), 1–9.
Saleh, J. H., & Pendley, C. C. (2012). From normal accidents to high reliability: The evolution of aviation safety. Engineering Failure Analysis, 18(5), 1233–1246.
Strohmeier, M., Linnersjö, S., & Smith, M. (2018). Aviation security, ADSB, and cyberphysical system vulnerabilities. IEEE Communications Magazine, 56(10), 98–104.
Turner, M., & Pidgeon, N. (2017). Multiagency risk governance and the resilience of critical transport hubs. Risk Analysis, 37(10), 1952–1965.
Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., & Seeger, M. W. (2018). Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity (4th ed.). SAGE.
Zhang, Y., Chen, C., & Li, X. (2021). Cyberphysical security of smart airports: Threats, vulnerabilities and countermeasures. IEEE Access, 9, 12654–12672.
Zhou, Q., & Zhang, L. (2020). Assessing airport operational resilience to intentional disruptions. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 135, 1–15.